Marie Antoinette ,Queen of France, 1755 - 1793

Marie Antoinette was born November 2, 1755 in Vienna, Austria. She was the youngest and most beautiful daughter of Francis Stephen I and Maria Theresa, Emperor and Empress of the Holy Roman Empire. Marie Antoinette was brought up believing her destiny was to become queen of France. She married the crown prince of France in 1770. Four years later she became queen when her husband was crowned King Louis XVI (House of Bourbon).

The stories of Antoinette's excesses are vastly overstated. In fact, rather than ignoring France's growing financial crisis, she reduced the royal household staff, eliminating many unnecessary positions that were based solely on privilege. In the process she offended the nobles, adding their condemnation to the scandalous stories spread by royal hopefuls. It was the nobility that balked at the financial reforms the government ministers tried to make, not the King and Queen, who were in favor of change. In truth, Antoinette and Louis were placed in harms' way not only by elements of their personalities, but by the changing face of political and social ideology in the 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1789 a mob descended on the palace at Versailles and demanded the royal family move to the Tuilerie palace inside Paris. From that point on the King and Queen were virtual prisoners. Antoinette sought aid from other European rulers including her brother, the Austrian Emperor, and her sister, Queen of Naples. After a failed attempt to flee Paris in 1791 Antoinette continued to seek aid from abroad. When Austria and Prussia declared war on France, she was accused of passing military secrets to the enemy. On August 10, 1792 the royal family was arrested on suspicion of treason and imprisoned. On January 21, 1793 King Louis XVI was convicted and executed on the guillotine.

Marie Antoinette was cruely treated during her final days of captivity. Her best friend, the Princess de Lambelle, was killed and her severed head was put on a pike and paraded in front of the Queen.

Her children (Marie Therese and Louis XVII) were taken from her. Louis XVII was subjected to abuse by the family's jailers and later died, supposedly of Tuberculosis and malnutrition. Marie Therese, her firstborn daughter was the only family member to survive. 


Antoinette followed her husband to the guillotine on October 16, 1793. She was executed without proof of the crimes for which she was accused. She was only 37 years old.

The Bourbon monarchy was restored in 1814 after the fall of Napoleon I. The succession went to the closest living relative of Louis XVI who became Louis XVIII. He had escaped to Britain where he sat out the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. The new monarchy had a bumpy road, lasting until 1848 and the ascension of Napoleon III. After Napoleon III abdicated in 1871, France became a republic.



Source: http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95nov/antoinette.html
More info : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette

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The Victor H. Loewenstein MBA Scholarship, University of Edinburgh, UK

The Victor H. Loewenstein Scholarship is awarded to a student from outside the UK so as to enhance the international nature of the programme. The scholarships will be awarded on the basis of academic merit and the benefits to the student. Each scholarship will be worth £5,000.
Eligibility
The scholarship is open to applicants who are citizens and residents of any country except the United Kingdom and who are applying for admission onto the Full-time MBA or MBA in International Business in September 2011.
Although applications for the scholarship should be made before 31 May 2011, the scholarship will only be awarded to an applicant who has firmly accepted their offer through payment of the deposit. Applicants who hold full sponsorships are not eligible for the scholarship.
If an applicant is successful in being awarded the scholarship, but subsequently declines their offer of admission on the MBA programme, the award of the scholarship will be withdrawn and awarded to another applicant.
Applying
Applicants should submit a 1,000 word essay, explaining why they feel they should be awarded a scholarship, and how the scholarship will benefit them. This essay should accompany their application for the MBA programme.
The scholarships will be awarded on the basis of academic merit and the benefits to the student. The decision will be made by a committee consisting of Directors and key staff from Admissions.
If you have already sent your application, you are welcome to apply separately. Please enclose your full name and contact details as stated in your programme application. Separate scholarship applications without these details will not be considered.
Notification
A Selection Committee will meet in June 2011 to select the scholarship holder and the winner will be announced shortly afterwards. The successful applicants will be invited by the University to attend an award ceremony early on in the programme.
Victor H. Loewenstein is an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh. During his student years he was involved with AIESEC and was shortly after graduation elected Secretary General of AIESEC International, in Geneva. Now, retired after close to a 40 year-career in Management Consulting, Mr Loewenstein is happy to offer this support to an MBA student.
Business School
The University of Edinburgh
29 Buccleuch Place
Edinburgh, EH8 9JS
Email: mba@business-school.ed.ac.uk



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The Calum Miller MBA Scholarship, University of Edinburgh, UK

Two scholarships of £5,000 each are awarded to students from any country.
Eligibility
The scholarships are open to applicants who have an excellent academic record and who are applying for admission onto the Full-time MBA or MBA in International Business in September 2011. An award may be withdrawn if a student fails to meet the academic standards set by the University.
Although applications for the scholarships should be made before 31 May 2011, the scholarships will only be awarded to applicants who have firmly accepted their offer through payment of the deposit. Applicants who hold full sponsorships are not eligible for the scholarship.
If an applicant is successful in being awarded a scholarship, but subsequently declines their offer of admission on the MBA programme, the award of the scholarship will be withdrawn and awarded to another applicant.
Applying
Applicants should submit a 1000 word essay, explaining why they feel they should be awarded the scholarship, and how the scholarship will benefit them.
This essay should accompany the application for admission to the MBA programme.
The scholarships will be awarded on the basis of academic merit and the benefits to the student. The decision will be made by a committee consisting of Directors and key staff from Admissions.
If you have already sent your application, you are welcome to apply separately. Please enclose your full name and contact details as stated in your programme application. Separate scholarship applications without these details will not be considered.
Notification
A Selection Committee will meet in June 2011 to select the scholarship holder and the winner will be announced shortly afterwards. The successful applicants will be invited by the University to attend an award ceremony early on in the programme.
David Miller is an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh Business School and is the founder and CEO of Meteora Partners which provides services to the investment industry in London and New York.
Business School
The University of Edinburgh
29 Buccleuch Place
Edinburgh, EH8 9JS
Email: mba@business-school.ed.ac.uk



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Beasiswa Pascasarjana UNESCO di China

UNESCO/PR China, melalui The Great Wall Co-Sponsored Fellowship Programme 2011, menawarkan 25 penerima beasiswa studi pasca sarjana non-gelar kepada 76 negara anggota UNESCO terpilih termasuk Indonesia selama satu tahun di beberapa perguruan tinggi di Cina. Seleksi terpilih diutamakan wanita dengan persyaratan lulusan S1 atau S2, dapat berkomunikasi bahasa Inggris lisan dan tulisan, berusia tidak boleh lebih dari 45 tahun dan sehat jasmani dan rohani. Kandidat tidak diperkenankan membawa anggota keluarga dan diharuskan mematuhi prosedur penyerahan aplikasi (lampiran II). Lamaran diharapkan dapat diterima pihak UNESCO sebelum tanggal 30 Arpil 2011. Kandidat yang tidak menerima pemberitahuan setelah tanggal 31 Agustus 2011 dianggap tidak lolos seleksi.
Lamaran ditujukan kepada :
Ali Zaid, Chief of the Participation Programme and Fellowships Section, UNESCO.
7, place de Fontenoy – 75352 Paris 07 SP, France
Telp : +33 (0)1 45 68 15 12
Fax : +33 (0)1 45 68 55 03
Atau informasi lebih lanjut dapat menghubungi Bagian Kerja Sama UNPAD.
Penerima beasiswa akan menerima fasilitas-fasilitas, a.l.:
a) Perjalanan pulang-pergi ditanggung oleh UNESCO
b) Biaya hidup bulanan sebesar Yuan China 1.700,- (bagi setingkat sarjana) atau Yuan China 2.000 (bagi setingkat master ke-atas) dari pemerintah China serta bantuan USD 150 dari UNESCO yang akan dibayarkan dalam kurs lokal.
c) Subsidi sebesar Yuan China 1.000 (satu tahun studi) atau Yuan China 1.500 (studi lebih dari satu tahun) dari Pemerintah China.
d) Biaya-biaya kuliah ditanggung Pemerintah China, a.l. pendaftaran, perkuliahan, praktik laboratorium, magang dan bahan belajar dasar (penerima beasiswa diminta untuk mengatur sendiri dengan perguruan tinggi)
e) Kamar bersama seorang mahasiswa
f) Biaya kesehatan non rawat-inap di rumah sakit pemerintah
g) Comprehensive Medical Insurance dan Protection Scheme for International Studies dari Pemerintah China
h) Biaya transportasi lokal pada saat tiba dan meninggalkan China



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